Determining the monetary valuation of an artist’s body of work involves a complex interplay of factors. These factors include the artist’s reputation, the provenance of individual pieces, the subject matter depicted, the size and medium employed, the condition of the artwork, and the prevailing trends within the art market. An assessment typically requires expert appraisal. For example, a large-scale oil painting by a recognized artist in excellent condition will typically command a higher price than a smaller, damaged watercolor by the same artist.
Understanding the price range or potential auction results of artwork is essential for collectors, investors, and institutions alike. This information aids in making informed purchasing or sales decisions, managing art assets effectively, and establishing accurate insurance coverage. Art valuation also plays a critical role in estate planning, charitable donations, and the resolution of legal disputes involving artwork. Historically, fluctuations in the art market have mirrored broader economic trends and shifts in cultural tastes, highlighting the dynamic nature of art as both an aesthetic and financial asset.
The following sections will delve into methods for evaluating artwork, resources for researching comparable sales data, and considerations relevant to appraisals, ultimately providing insights into the potential market valuation of Robert D. Stephenson’s artistic output.
1. Artist’s recognition
The level of an artist’s recognition directly correlates with the perceived and actual financial valuation of their artwork. Established recognition indicates a sustained interest in the artist’s work, influencing desirability and, consequently, market value. The degree of recognition shapes expectations concerning the financial worth of the artist’s paintings.
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Critical Acclaim and Awards
Critical acclaim from reputable art critics and awards received during an artist’s career significantly enhance recognition. Positive reviews in established art publications or prestigious awards such as national endowments or juried competitions generate wider exposure and validation. This visibility translates into increased demand and higher prices for artworks. For instance, a painting by an artist who has won a major art prize is typically valued higher than a comparable work by an artist without such accolades.
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Museum Exhibitions and Collections
Inclusion in museum exhibitions, particularly solo shows or significant group exhibitions at prominent institutions, elevates an artist’s status. Representation in permanent collections of reputable museums provides enduring recognition and confirms the artist’s place within art history. The presence of an artist’s work in these settings acts as an endorsement, instilling confidence in potential buyers and increasing the investment value of their paintings. An artist featured in the Museum of Modern Art, for example, gains considerably more recognition than one limited to local galleries.
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Sales History and Auction Records
Consistent sales of an artist’s work, particularly strong performances at reputable auction houses, provide quantifiable evidence of market recognition. High auction prices generate publicity and attract further attention to the artist’s oeuvre. A robust sales history establishes a track record of demand, which contributes to the overall perception of value. A series of successful auction results for Robert D. Stephenson’s paintings would demonstrably bolster his recognition and the associated market value.
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Publications and Scholarly Attention
The presence of an artist’s work and biography in art historical publications, scholarly articles, and exhibition catalogs reinforces their standing within the art world. Inclusion in these resources signifies that the artist’s contributions are considered significant and worthy of academic study. This scholarly attention enhances the artist’s long-term reputation and contributes to the perceived cultural and financial value of their paintings. A published monograph on Robert D. Stephenson would substantially increase his level of recognition.
In summary, various interconnected factors contribute to an artist’s recognition. Critical acclaim, museum representation, sales history, and scholarly attention each play a role in shaping the perception and, ultimately, the financial valuation of Robert D. Stephenson’s paintings. A strong foundation in these areas bolsters the perceived “worth” of his artistic output in the art market.
2. Painting Provenance
Painting provenance, the documented history of an artwork’s ownership, represents a critical determinant in assessing its overall valuation. A well-documented provenance enhances confidence in authenticity and adds to the painting’s narrative, significantly influencing market desirability and, consequently, its potential financial worth.
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Authenticity Verification
Provenance provides a vital tool for verifying a painting’s authenticity. Tracing ownership back to the artist or a reputable source strengthens the assurance that the artwork is genuine. Gaps or inconsistencies in the ownership record raise concerns and potentially diminish the painting’s value. A clear chain of ownership from Robert D. Stephenson’s studio to a known collector, for example, significantly bolsters its authenticity.
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Historical Significance
The history of ownership can impart historical significance to a painting, thereby increasing its appeal and monetary value. If an artwork was previously owned by a prominent historical figure, belonged to a renowned collection, or featured in significant historical events, its value is often amplified. Documentation connecting a Robert D. Stephenson painting to a notable event or personality adds to its narrative and collectibility.
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Market Transparency
Detailed provenance fosters transparency in the art market. It enables potential buyers to assess the painting’s history and evaluate its condition over time. Transparency reduces the risk of acquiring problematic or misrepresented artworks. Clear provenance records for Robert D. Stephenson’s paintings build buyer confidence and facilitate smoother transactions.
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Investment Value
Well-documented provenance enhances the investment value of a painting. It provides assurance to collectors and investors, making the artwork more desirable and potentially appreciating in value over time. A strong provenance acts as a safeguard against future disputes over ownership or authenticity, contributing to the long-term financial security of the investment. For Robert D. Stephenson’s paintings, a robust provenance serves as a key factor in establishing and maintaining its market worth.
In conclusion, painting provenance acts as a cornerstone in establishing authenticity, adding historical context, fostering market transparency, and ultimately enhancing investment value. A meticulously documented ownership history is paramount in determining the perceived and actual financial value of Robert D. Stephenson’s paintings.
3. Artwork Condition
Artwork condition is a primary factor influencing its monetary valuation. Physical damages, deterioration, or extensive restoration directly reduce the painting’s aesthetic appeal and structural integrity, thereby diminishing its market value. A pristine painting by Robert D. Stephenson will inevitably command a significantly higher price than the same work exhibiting cracks, fading, or evidence of amateur repairs. The impact of condition stems from its direct visibility; potential buyers visually assess the artwork and perceive its state as a reflection of its preservation and inherent value. For instance, flaking paint, a common issue in older oil paintings, immediately detracts from the viewing experience and suggests a need for costly conservation efforts, leading to a decreased assessed worth.
The significance of artwork condition extends beyond mere aesthetics. Conservation, aimed at preserving the artwork’s original state, requires specialized expertise and can be expensive. Extensive restoration, while sometimes necessary, can also negatively impact value if it alters the artist’s original intent or introduces irreversible changes. Documentation of any conservation treatments is crucial for maintaining transparency and informing potential buyers. Therefore, a thorough condition report, prepared by a qualified conservator, is an essential component of the appraisal process, influencing both the perceived and actual market value of a piece. The presence of significant condition issues, even if professionally addressed, necessitates a downward adjustment in the valuation, reflecting the potential risks and ongoing care requirements associated with the artwork.
In summary, artwork condition acts as a critical determinant of financial worth. It directly affects aesthetic appeal, structural integrity, and conservation needs, leading to corresponding adjustments in its valuation. Prioritizing proper handling, storage, and climate control mitigates the risk of damage, preserving both the artwork’s physical state and its long-term financial potential. Understanding the connection between artwork condition and market valuation is essential for collectors, investors, and institutions seeking to responsibly manage and preserve their art assets, especially when considering the “what are robert d. stephenson’s paintings worth”.
4. Subject matter
The depicted subject matter within an artist’s oeuvre exerts a considerable influence on its market valuation. Subject matter resonates with collectors based on personal preference, cultural relevance, and historical context. Therefore, the themes and motifs prevalent in Robert D. Stephenson’s paintings directly affect potential market interest and, subsequently, their financial worth.
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Popular Themes and Imagery
The presence of universally appealing themes, such as landscapes, portraits of notable figures, or depictions of significant historical events, often increases a painting’s market value. These subjects tend to attract a broader range of collectors and institutions. If Robert D. Stephenson’s paintings frequently depict sought-after subjects, they may command higher prices than works with more niche or challenging themes. Conversely, if the subject matter is deemed controversial or lacks broad appeal, it could negatively impact its desirability and worth.
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Rarity and Uniqueness
The scarcity of specific subject matter within an artist’s body of work can also influence valuation. If Robert D. Stephenson only created a limited number of paintings depicting a particular scene or subject, those pieces may be considered more valuable due to their rarity. This scarcity principle operates on the premise that limited availability increases demand. Conversely, paintings with commonly recurring themes may be less valuable unless they possess exceptional artistic merit or historical significance.
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Historical and Cultural Context
The historical and cultural context surrounding the subject matter depicted within a painting can significantly impact its financial value. Paintings that offer insights into a specific historical period, reflect significant cultural movements, or document important social events often attract greater interest from collectors and institutions. If Robert D. Stephenson’s paintings capture a unique perspective on a particular era or cultural phenomenon, their historical value will contribute to their overall market worth.
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Artistic Innovation and Style
The manner in which an artist approaches a specific subject matter, including stylistic choices and innovative techniques, influences its aesthetic appeal and market value. Paintings that demonstrate artistic mastery, push creative boundaries, or introduce novel perspectives often command higher prices. If Robert D. Stephenson’s paintings showcase a distinctive style or innovative approach to the subject matter, this artistic merit will contribute to their perceived worth and potential market valuation.
In conclusion, the intersection of subject matter and artistic execution profoundly shapes the valuation of Robert D. Stephenson’s paintings. Themes resonating with a wide audience, scarcity within his oeuvre, rich historical context, and innovative artistic expression collectively contribute to establishing their financial worth in the art market, underlining the connection between artistic content and economic consideration.
5. Medium & Size
The selection of medium and the physical dimensions of a painting are critical determinants of its market valuation. These factors directly influence material costs, labor investment, and perceived artistic significance, contributing substantively to the overall assessment of “what are robert d. stephenson’s paintings worth.” The choice of oil paint versus watercolor, for example, impacts both the longevity and the visual weight of the artwork. Oil paints, renowned for their durability and rich color saturation, typically command higher prices, particularly for large-scale works, due to the greater material expenditure and extended execution time. Conversely, a smaller watercolor, while potentially intricate and aesthetically pleasing, may be valued lower owing to its perceived fragility and more modest scale. Thus, a direct correlation exists between the chosen medium and dimensions and the expected financial value of the artwork.
Specific examples illustrate the practical implications of medium and size on valuation. A large-format oil painting by Robert D. Stephenson, measuring, for instance, 48 x 72 inches, would likely be appraised higher than a similarly themed watercolor of 12 x 18 inches. The difference stems from the increased canvas cost, the greater volume of paint required, and the extended working time necessary to complete the larger, more intricate piece. Furthermore, the size influences display options; larger works often require more expansive exhibition spaces, which can enhance their perceived importance and attract a wider range of potential buyers, including institutions and large private collectors. The interplay between medium and size, therefore, generates a tangible effect on the perceived worth of the artwork, creating a hierarchy of value based on these fundamental characteristics.
In conclusion, both medium and size function as integral components in determining the financial value of Robert D. Stephenson’s paintings. The selection of a more durable and visually impactful medium, coupled with larger dimensions, generally translates to a higher valuation due to increased material costs, labor, and perceived artistic significance. Understanding this relationship is crucial for collectors, investors, and art professionals seeking to accurately assess the market worth of artworks, ensuring informed decisions regarding acquisition, sale, and insurance coverage.
6. Market demand
Market demand serves as a primary driver influencing the financial valuation of artwork, including Robert D. Stephenson’s paintings. Increased demand, stemming from various factors such as critical acclaim, inclusion in significant collections, or trending aesthetic preferences, invariably elevates the perceived and actual market worth. Conversely, a decline in interest or shifting tastes can lead to decreased valuations. For instance, if Stephenson’s works were to be featured prominently in a major museum exhibition, a subsequent surge in demand would likely result in higher auction prices and increased interest from collectors, directly influencing the assessment of “what are robert d. stephenson’s paintings worth”.
The relationship between market demand and valuation is often reflected in auction results and private sales. Consistent high bids and rapid sales indicate strong demand, signaling to potential buyers that the artwork is a valuable asset. Tracking auction data and monitoring market trends provide valuable insights into the fluctuations in demand and its impact on the prices commanded by Stephenson’s paintings. Furthermore, the presence of a dedicated collector base or the emergence of a renewed appreciation for his artistic style can contribute to sustained or increasing market demand, leading to enhanced financial valuations. The interplay between scarcity, desirability, and buyer competition shapes the dynamics of demand, thereby impacting the pricing structure.
In summary, market demand represents a pivotal component in determining the financial assessment of artwork. It directly translates into buyer interest, auction performance, and overall perceived value. Understanding the factors that influence demand, such as critical recognition, cultural trends, and collector preferences, is crucial for accurately assessing the potential “worth” of Robert D. Stephenson’s paintings and for making informed decisions regarding acquisition, sales, and long-term investment strategies within the art market.
7. Comparable sales
The analysis of comparable sales data constitutes a fundamental methodology in establishing the market value of artwork. Specifically, the examination of sales records for works similar to Robert D. Stephenson’s paintings provides a data-driven foundation for assessing “what are robert d. stephenson’s paintings worth.” This process involves identifying and evaluating transactions involving artworks with analogous characteristics, considering factors such as the artist, subject matter, medium, size, condition, and provenance.
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Identification of Relevant Comps
The initial step involves identifying relevant comparable sales, or “comps.” This necessitates a thorough search of auction databases, gallery records, and private sales information to locate transactions involving paintings by Robert D. Stephenson or, in the absence of sufficient data, by artists with comparable recognition, style, and market presence. The closer the similarities between the comp and the artwork being valued, the more reliable the data. For example, a 24×30 inch oil landscape by Stephenson would be most accurately compared to other 24×30 inch oil landscapes by the same artist sold within the past five years.
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Adjustment for Variances
Rarely will a comparable sale be an exact match. Therefore, adjustments must be made to account for variances in key characteristics. Differences in condition, provenance, exhibition history, and the prevailing economic climate at the time of sale need to be considered and quantified. A painting with superior provenance (e.g., previously owned by a renowned collector) might command a premium compared to a similar work with less compelling history. Similarly, a painting in excellent condition would generally be valued higher than a comparable work exhibiting signs of damage or restoration.
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Data Interpretation and Averaging
Once relevant comps have been identified and adjustments have been made, the data is interpreted to arrive at a reasonable valuation range. This often involves calculating an average price per square inch or foot, then applying that metric to the artwork being valued. However, this method should be used with caution, as it can oversimplify the complex factors that influence market value. Outliers unusually high or low sales should be carefully scrutinized and potentially excluded from the analysis to avoid skewing the results. Experienced appraisers also consider qualitative factors, such as the overall quality of the artwork and its perceived desirability in the current market.
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Market Contextualization
Comparable sales data must be interpreted within the broader context of the art market. Macroeconomic trends, shifts in collector preferences, and changes in an artist’s reputation can all influence valuations. A painting that sold for a certain price five years ago might be worth significantly more or less today, depending on these external factors. Appraisers consider these influences and provide a reasoned explanation for how they impact the final valuation. Furthermore, regional variations in market demand can also play a role, with certain types of artwork being more sought after in particular geographic areas.
In conclusion, the utilization of comparable sales data provides a structured and evidence-based approach to determining “what are robert d. stephenson’s paintings worth.” This methodology requires careful selection of relevant comps, thoughtful adjustments for variances, and a comprehensive understanding of the art market. By analyzing sales records for similar artworks, appraisers can arrive at a well-supported and defensible valuation that reflects the current market realities.
8. Appraisal reports
Appraisal reports serve as formal documents outlining the estimated monetary value of artwork, providing critical insights into determining “what are robert d. stephenson’s paintings worth.” These reports are typically prepared by qualified appraisers who possess expertise in art history, market analysis, and valuation methodologies. They furnish a comprehensive assessment based on factors such as artist recognition, provenance, condition, subject matter, medium, size, comparable sales data, and market demand.
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Establishing Fair Market Value
Appraisal reports establish the fair market value (FMV) of Robert D. Stephenson’s paintings. FMV represents the price at which property would change hands between a willing buyer and a willing seller, neither being under any compulsion to buy or sell and both having reasonable knowledge of relevant facts. This valuation is crucial for purposes such as estate planning, insurance coverage, charitable donations, and tax compliance. For instance, if an individual intends to donate a Stephenson painting to a museum, an appraisal report is necessary to substantiate the deduction claimed on their income tax return.
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Insurance Coverage and Loss Assessment
Appraisal reports provide the foundation for securing adequate insurance coverage for Robert D. Stephenson’s paintings. An accurate valuation ensures that the artwork is insured for its replacement cost or market value, protecting the owner against financial loss in the event of damage, theft, or destruction. In the event of an insured loss, the appraisal report serves as critical documentation to support the claim and determine the amount of compensation owed by the insurance company. A detailed appraisal report would include photographs, dimensions, medium, and condition of painting.
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Estate Planning and Tax Implications
Appraisal reports play a pivotal role in estate planning by providing accurate valuations of artwork holdings for inheritance tax purposes. When Robert D. Stephenson’s paintings are included in an estate, an appraisal report is required to determine their value as part of the overall estate assets. This valuation affects the amount of estate taxes owed and can also inform decisions regarding the distribution of assets among heirs. Proper valuation is essential to avoid potential tax liabilities and ensure equitable distribution.
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Legal and Financial Transactions
Appraisal reports are often required in legal and financial transactions involving artwork. They may be used in divorce proceedings, bankruptcy filings, or business valuations to determine the fair value of assets. In these situations, an independent appraisal from a qualified expert can provide an objective assessment of the painting’s worth, helping to resolve disputes and ensure equitable outcomes. Lenders may also require appraisal reports as collateral for loans.
In conclusion, appraisal reports are indispensable tools for determining “what are robert d. stephenson’s paintings worth.” They provide essential documentation for insurance, tax, estate planning, and various legal and financial applications. A comprehensive appraisal report, prepared by a qualified expert, ensures accurate valuation, protects against financial loss, and facilitates informed decision-making regarding the management and disposition of Robert D. Stephenson’s artistic legacy.
9. Exhibition history
The exhibition history of an artist’s work significantly influences its market valuation. Exhibition history provides tangible evidence of critical recognition, public interest, and institutional validation, thereby impacting the assessment of “what are robert d. stephenson’s paintings worth.” A robust exhibition record elevates an artist’s profile, fosters market demand, and enhances the perceived value of their oeuvre.
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Enhanced Artist Recognition
Exhibitions, particularly those held at reputable museums and galleries, amplify an artist’s recognition within the art world and among the broader public. Inclusion in curated shows indicates that the artist’s work has been vetted by experts and deemed worthy of public display. This exposure translates into increased awareness and visibility, fostering a stronger reputation that directly impacts the market value of the artist’s paintings. For example, a painting by Robert D. Stephenson displayed at a major museum retrospective would likely experience a significant increase in perceived worth.
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Market Demand Amplification
Exhibition history can stimulate market demand for an artist’s work. A successful exhibition generates buzz, attracting collectors, investors, and art enthusiasts. The increased visibility and interest resulting from the exhibition often lead to higher auction prices and increased sales in the primary and secondary markets. The momentum created by an exhibition can sustain interest in the artist’s work for years to come. If a Robert D. Stephenson painting is featured in a prominent exhibition catalog, its future sales value would likely increase.
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Provenance Enhancement
Exhibition history contributes to the provenance of an artwork, documenting its past display and adding to its historical narrative. The inclusion of a painting in a well-documented exhibition establishes a clear record of its public presentation and reinforces its authenticity. This detailed provenance strengthens buyer confidence and enhances the long-term investment value of the artwork. An exhibition label or catalog entry referencing a Robert D. Stephenson painting adds a valuable element to its documented history.
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Institutional Validation and Endorsement
The selection of an artist’s work for exhibition by museums and galleries serves as a form of institutional validation and endorsement. These institutions act as gatekeepers, selecting artworks based on their artistic merit, historical significance, and cultural relevance. This validation lends credibility to the artist’s work and enhances its perceived value in the eyes of collectors and investors. The inclusion of Robert D. Stephenson’s paintings in the permanent collection of a museum would serve as a strong endorsement, further elevating their market valuation.
In summary, a comprehensive exhibition history serves as a crucial factor in determining “what are robert d. stephenson’s paintings worth.” Exhibitions enhance artist recognition, stimulate market demand, strengthen provenance, and provide institutional validation, all contributing to a higher valuation of the artist’s work. The presence of a documented and significant exhibition record increases the desirability and perceived worth of Robert D. Stephenson’s paintings in the art market.
Frequently Asked Questions
This section addresses common inquiries regarding the valuation of Robert D. Stephenson’s paintings, offering clarity on the factors influencing their financial worth in the art market.
Question 1: What are the primary factors influencing the price of Robert D. Stephenson’s paintings?
The valuation is influenced by a confluence of elements, including the artist’s recognition, the painting’s provenance, its physical condition, the subject matter depicted, the medium utilized, the dimensions of the artwork, current market demand, comparable sales data, formal appraisal reports, and the exhibition history of the piece.
Question 2: How can one accurately determine the provenance of a Robert D. Stephenson painting?
Establishing provenance involves tracing the painting’s ownership history through documentation such as sales receipts, exhibition catalogs, gallery records, and family archives. Gaps in ownership or inconsistencies in the record can raise concerns about authenticity and impact valuation.
Question 3: What impact does the condition of a Robert D. Stephenson painting have on its market value?
The condition plays a significant role. Damage, deterioration, or extensive restoration diminishes aesthetic appeal and structural integrity, thereby reducing market value. A pristine painting will command a higher price than a similar work exhibiting flaws.
Question 4: How are comparable sales utilized in the valuation process?
Comparable sales data involves analyzing sales records of similar artworks by Robert D. Stephenson or comparable artists, considering factors such as subject matter, medium, size, condition, and provenance. Adjustments are made to account for differences, providing a data-driven basis for valuation.
Question 5: When is a formal appraisal report necessary for Robert D. Stephenson’s paintings?
A formal appraisal report becomes necessary for various purposes, including insurance coverage, estate planning, charitable donations, tax compliance, and legal proceedings. The report provides an objective assessment of the artwork’s fair market value, supported by expert analysis and documentation.
Question 6: How does exhibition history contribute to the valuation of Robert D. Stephenson’s paintings?
Exhibition history enhances artist recognition, amplifies market demand, strengthens provenance, and provides institutional validation, all contributing to a higher valuation. Inclusion in reputable exhibitions signifies critical acclaim and public interest, thereby increasing the perceived worth of the artwork.
Understanding these factors provides a comprehensive framework for evaluating the potential market value of Robert D. Stephenson’s paintings, enabling informed decisions in the art market.
The following section explores practical steps for managing and preserving artwork assets.
Tips for Managing Robert D. Stephenson’s Paintings as Assets
Effective management of Robert D. Stephenson’s paintings requires a strategic approach encompassing preservation, documentation, and valuation, ensuring their long-term appreciation and safeguarding their financial worth.
Tip 1: Maintain Detailed Records: Comprehensive documentation is paramount. Catalog each painting with high-resolution photographs, measurements, medium, condition reports, and provenance information. These records are essential for insurance, appraisal, and sales purposes.
Tip 2: Control Environmental Conditions: Fluctuations in temperature and humidity can damage artwork. Store paintings in a climate-controlled environment with stable temperature (65-75F) and humidity (45-55%) levels. Consider using a professional art storage facility for optimal preservation.
Tip 3: Secure Appropriate Insurance Coverage: Obtain specialized art insurance to protect against damage, theft, or loss. Regularly update the insurance policy based on current appraisal reports to reflect changes in market value.
Tip 4: Schedule Regular Condition Assessments: Engage a qualified conservator to conduct periodic condition assessments. Early detection of potential issues can prevent costly repairs and preserve the painting’s integrity. Document all conservation treatments with detailed reports and photographs.
Tip 5: Obtain Periodic Appraisals: Commission updated appraisal reports every three to five years, or sooner if there are significant market fluctuations or changes in the artist’s recognition. Accurate appraisals are crucial for insurance, estate planning, and potential sales.
Tip 6: Secure Proper Handling and Transportation: When moving or transporting Robert D. Stephenson’s paintings, employ professional art handlers experienced in packing, crating, and transporting delicate artworks. Use archival-quality materials to protect the painting during transit.
Tip 7: Monitor the Art Market: Stay informed about art market trends and auction results relevant to Robert D. Stephenson and comparable artists. This knowledge provides valuable insights into the potential appreciation or depreciation of the paintings.
Adhering to these tips enhances the longevity and financial value of Robert D. Stephenson’s paintings. Proactive management preserves their condition, ensures accurate valuation, and safeguards their status as valuable assets.
The concluding section summarizes the critical aspects of determining what are robert d. stephenson’s paintings worth.
Conclusion
This exposition has explored the multifaceted nature of determining “what are robert d. stephenson’s paintings worth.” Market valuation hinges upon a complex interplay of factors including artist recognition, painting provenance, artwork condition, subject matter, medium and size, market demand, comparable sales, professional appraisals, and exhibition history. Each element contributes to the overall assessment and influences potential transactional value.
Understanding these determinants is crucial for collectors, investors, and institutions managing Robert D. Stephenson’s artistic legacy. Diligent record-keeping, proper preservation techniques, and periodic professional valuations are essential to safeguarding the financial worth and cultural significance of these works for future generations. Continued engagement with the art market and informed decision-making will ensure the enduring value of Robert D. Stephenson’s artistic contributions.
