The inadvertent leakage of intravenous (IV) fluid or medication into the surrounding tissue is a common complication associated with peripheral IV cannulation. This occurs when the IV catheter dislodges from the vein, perforates the vein wall, or when the vein becomes fragile and leaks. As an example, if a patient is receiving a continuous IV infusion of antibiotics, and the insertion site becomes swollen and painful, it is likely that the fluid is no longer entering the vein but is instead accumulating in the adjacent tissue.
Recognition and prompt management are essential to minimize patient discomfort and prevent potential complications. Undetected or poorly managed extravasation can lead to tissue damage, including skin breakdown, blistering, and in severe cases, necrosis. Historically, recognizing the early signs was primarily dependent on clinical observation and patient reporting. Timely identification facilitates intervention, which may include stopping the infusion, elevating the affected limb, applying warm or cold compresses, and, in some cases, administering antidotes to counteract the effects of certain medications.
