A power transformer failure often arises from a breakdown in its insulation system or excessive stress on its components. Various factors contribute to this, including prolonged overloading, voltage surges due to lightning or switching operations, insulation degradation over time due to heat and moisture, and mechanical stresses from vibrations or short circuits. For instance, a transformer designed to handle 1000 kVA consistently operated at 1200 kVA will experience accelerated insulation degradation, increasing the likelihood of internal arcing and subsequent catastrophic failure.
Understanding the mechanisms that lead to transformer damage is crucial for maintaining reliable electrical grid operation. These devices represent a significant investment for utility companies and industrial facilities, and their failure can result in substantial financial losses, service disruptions, and safety hazards. Historically, transformer failures have prompted significant advancements in design, materials science, and protective relaying to mitigate the risks and improve overall system resilience. Preventing premature failure leads to improved power quality, reduced operational costs, and enhanced safety for personnel and equipment.
